Lycius Dilemma Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Lycius' Dilemma The Master and Margarita and Lamia are the vastly different works of two men from far flung times and places. Though the histories and plots of these works diverge, their thematic elements resonate. Each text invokes a dualism of worlds: the world of the imagination and the world of reality. The imaginative realm is a mythic space of love, creativity and magic. Paradoxically, the characters that speak for the realm of imagination are those aligned with the devil (Lamia and Woland). Reason control and mortality characterize the realm of reality and its representatives are Appollonius and the Muscovites. The source of conflict and distress in these works arises from the seemingly unbridgeable schism between these two worlds. The dilemma of Lycius in Lamia and the Master in The Master and Margarita is this fundamental incompatibility of worlds. These mediating figures can be seen (allegorically or literally) as artists attempting to reconcile the space of creation and imagination with t he everyday world that "will clip an angle's wings, / Conquer all mysteries by rule and line" (Lamia, Pt. II, 234-235). Keats and Bulgakov offer varying representations and outcomes to Lycius' dilemma. In these texts Appollonius and soviet Moscow society function inimically to the forces of imagination and negative capability. These characters represent sobriety and reason. They attempt to limit and control the narrative and the forces of the imagination-which often exceed their powers. A systemic vision of knowledge binds both the Muscovites and Appollonius. Both parties rely on the certainty of this knowledge to inoculate them from the more frightening and unstable aspects of existence. Through categorization they hope to contro... ...er will live a life of writing and love, but without any hope of communicating his ideas to his society: he is completely cut off from the community. The intrusion of reality (Appollonius) destroys Lycius and his relationship with Lamia. However discouraging these endings seem, they are after all texts that have reached us and communicated something to us. Though the artist might die and though society might not understand, the truth of Woland's words remains: "manuscripts don't burn" (Bulgakov, 245). The text survives as a testament to the power and possibility of the artistic spirit. Works Cited Bulgakov, Mikhail. The Master and Margarita. New York: Vintage, 1995. Keats, John. Lamia. 1820. Romanticism: An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. 2nd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Proffer, Ellendea. "'Commentary' in The Master and Margarita." New York: Vintage, 1995. Lycius' Dilemma Essay examples -- Essays Papers Lycius' Dilemma The Master and Margarita and Lamia are the vastly different works of two men from far flung times and places. Though the histories and plots of these works diverge, their thematic elements resonate. Each text invokes a dualism of worlds: the world of the imagination and the world of reality. The imaginative realm is a mythic space of love, creativity and magic. Paradoxically, the characters that speak for the realm of imagination are those aligned with the devil (Lamia and Woland). Reason control and mortality characterize the realm of reality and its representatives are Appollonius and the Muscovites. The source of conflict and distress in these works arises from the seemingly unbridgeable schism between these two worlds. The dilemma of Lycius in Lamia and the Master in The Master and Margarita is this fundamental incompatibility of worlds. These mediating figures can be seen (allegorically or literally) as artists attempting to reconcile the space of creation and imagination with t he everyday world that "will clip an angle's wings, / Conquer all mysteries by rule and line" (Lamia, Pt. II, 234-235). Keats and Bulgakov offer varying representations and outcomes to Lycius' dilemma. In these texts Appollonius and soviet Moscow society function inimically to the forces of imagination and negative capability. These characters represent sobriety and reason. They attempt to limit and control the narrative and the forces of the imagination-which often exceed their powers. A systemic vision of knowledge binds both the Muscovites and Appollonius. Both parties rely on the certainty of this knowledge to inoculate them from the more frightening and unstable aspects of existence. Through categorization they hope to contro... ...er will live a life of writing and love, but without any hope of communicating his ideas to his society: he is completely cut off from the community. The intrusion of reality (Appollonius) destroys Lycius and his relationship with Lamia. However discouraging these endings seem, they are after all texts that have reached us and communicated something to us. Though the artist might die and though society might not understand, the truth of Woland's words remains: "manuscripts don't burn" (Bulgakov, 245). The text survives as a testament to the power and possibility of the artistic spirit. Works Cited Bulgakov, Mikhail. The Master and Margarita. New York: Vintage, 1995. Keats, John. Lamia. 1820. Romanticism: An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. 2nd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Proffer, Ellendea. "'Commentary' in The Master and Margarita." New York: Vintage, 1995.

King Arthur and His Knights Round Table Essay

We have read King Arthur and the knights of the round table. It’s a fantasy/history book. Here is a short summary: After Uther Pendragon’s death, Merlin the druid forms a stone, and in it, a sword. On this sword, it is written that anyone who can pull it out of the stone will become the new king of England. After many years, the young Arthur, (secretly the son of Pendragon), pulls this magical sword out of the stone, and becomes king. Together with Merlin, he constructs a round table, where only the best knights of England may sit. More and more knights come to join the brotherhood of the Round Table, and each has his own adventures After many years, The holy knight Sir Galahad, the son of Sir Lancelot, comes to the court of Arthur. With his coming, all knights ride throughout Europe for the search of the Holy Grail of Jesus Christ. Only four knights see the Grail: Sir Lancelot, Sir Percival, Sir Bors de Gaunnes and Sir Galahad. After the Grail is found, the last battle of the Round Table is close-at-hand. In this battle, many knights die and with them, King Arthur, his nephew Sir Gawain, and also, Mordred, the wicked son of King Arthur and his half-sister Morgana le Fay. King Arthur is buried at Avalon, the secret island of the druids and damsels. A remarkeble quote from the book was; ‘and herewith I make you a knight. Go forward as you have begun, and there will be a place waiting for you at the Round Table. And I hold that you will be one of the truest knights in all the Realm of Logres, and one of the gentlest and most valiant. Said Launcelot to Gareth of Orkney. ’ We decided to choose this quote because Gareth of Orkney was a kind of an outsider. When he came to Arthur’s castle, they were making fun of him, and bullied him. But even after everything he has been to, he made it to a Knight of the round table. Next thing you are going to see, are some pictures that deal with the book. We used some pictures from the movie King Arthur. We thought that these pictures were the most matching pictures we could find. You are going to see some pictures of the main characters and more.

Malinche, Mistress and Interpreter to Hernán Cortés

Malinali (c. 1500–1550), also known as Malintzà ­n, Doà ±a Marina, and, most commonly, Malinche, was a native Mexican woman who was given to conquistador Hernan Cortes as a slave in 1519. Malinche soon proved herself very useful to Cortes, as she was able to help him interpret Nahuatl, the language of the mighty Aztec Empire. Malinche was an invaluable asset for Cortes, as she not only translated but also helped him understand local cultures and politics. She became his mistress as well and bore Cortes a son. Many modern Mexicans see Malinche as a great traitor who betrayed her native cultures to the bloodthirsty Spanish invaders. Fast Facts: Malinche Known For: Mexican slave, lover, and interpreter to Hernan CortezAlso Known As: Marina, Malintzin, Malinche,  Doà ±a Marina, MallinaliBorn: c. 1500 in Painala, in present-day MexicoParents:  Cacique  of Paynala, mother unknownDied: c. 1550 in SpainSpouse: Juan de Jaramillo; also famous for her relationship with Hernan Cortez, the famous ConquistadorChildren: Don Martà ­n, Doà ±a Marà ­a   Early Life Malinches original name was Malinali. She was born sometime around 1500 in the town of Painala, close to the larger settlement of Coatzacoalcos. Her father was a local chieftain and her mother was from the ruling family of the nearby village of Xaltipan. Her father died, however, and when Malinche was a young girl, her mother remarried to another local lord and bore him a son. Apparently wishing the boy to inherit all three villages, Malinches mother sold her into slavery in secret, telling the people of the town that she had died. Malinche was sold to slavers from Xicallanco, who in turn sold her to the lord of Potonchan. Although she was a slave, she was a high-born one and never lost her regal bearing. She also had a gift for languages. Gift to Cortes In March 1519, Hernan Cortes and his expedition landed near Potonchan in the Tabasco region. The local natives did not want to deal with the Spanish, so before long the two sides were battling. The Spanish, with their armor and steel weapons, easily defeated the natives and soon local leaders asked for peace, which Cortes was only too happy to agree to. The lord of Potonchan brought food to the Spanish and gave them 20 women to cook for them, one of whom was Malinche. Cortes handed the women and girls out to his captains; Malinche was given to Alonso Hernandez Portocarrero. Malinche was baptized as Doà ±a Marina. It was around this time that some began referring to her by the name Malinche rather than Malinali. The name was originally Malintzine and derives from Malinali tzin (a reverential suffix) e (possession). Therefore, Malintzine originally referred to Cortes, as he was Malinalis owner, but somehow the name stuck to her instead and evolved into Malinche. Malinche the Interpreter Cortes soon realized how valuable she was, however, and took her back. Some weeks before, Cortes had rescued Gerà ³nimo de Aguilar, a Spaniard who had been captured in 1511 and had lived among the Maya people ever since. In that time, Aguilar had learned to speak Maya. Malinche could speak Maya and Nahuatl, which she learned as a girl. After leaving Potonchan, Cortes landed near present-day Veracruz, which was then controlled by vassals of the Nahuatl-speaking Aztec Empire. Cortes soon found that he could communicate through these two translators: Malinche could translate from Nahuatl to Maya, and Aguilar could translate from Maya to Spanish. Eventually, Malinche learned Spanish, thus eliminating the need for Aguilar. Malinche and the Conquest Time and again, Malinche proved her worth to her new masters. The Mexica (Aztecs) who ruled Central Mexico from their magnificent city of Tenochtitlan had evolved a complicated system of governance that involved an intricate combination of war, awe, fear, religion and strategic alliances. The Aztecs were the most powerful partner of the Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tacuba, three city-states close to one another in the central Valley Of Mexico. The Triple Alliance had subjugated almost every major tribe in Central Mexico, forcing the other civilizations to pay tribute in the form of goods, gold, services, warriors, slaves, and/or sacrificial victims for the Aztecs gods. It was a very complex system and the Spaniards understood very little of it; their rigid Catholic worldview prevented most of them from grasping the intricacies of Aztec life. Malinche not only translated the words she heard but also helped the Spanish grasp concepts and realities that they would need to understand in their war of conquest. Malinche and Cholula After the Spanish defeated and aligned themselves with the warlike Tlaxcalans in September 1519, they prepared to march the rest of the way to Tenochtitlan. Their path led them through Cholula, known as a holy city because it was the center of the worship of the god Quetzalcoatl. While the Spanish were there, Cortes got wind of a possible plot by Aztec Emperor Montezuma to ambush and slay the Spanish once they left the city. Malinche helped provide further proof. She had befriended a woman in town, the wife of a leading military officer. One day, the woman approached Malinche and told her not to accompany the Spaniards when they left as they would be annihilated. She was urged to stay and marry the womans son. Malinche tricked the woman into thinking she had agreed and then brought her to Cortes. After questioning the woman, Cortes was convinced of the plot. He assembled the citys leaders in one of the courtyards and after accusing them of treason (through Malinche as an interpreter, of course) he ordered his men to attack. Thousands of local nobles died in the Cholula Massacre, which sent shock waves through central Mexico. Malinche and the Fall of Tenochtitlan After the Spanish entered the city and took Emperor Montezuma hostage, Malinche continued in her role as interpreter and advisor. Cortes and Montezuma had much to talk about, and there were orders to be given to the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies. When Cortes went to fight Panfilo de Narvaez in 1520 for control of the expedition, he took Malinche with him. When they returned to Tenochtitlan after the Temple Massacre, she helped him calm the angry populace. When the Spaniards were nearly slaughtered during the Night of Sorrows, Cortes made sure to assign some of his best men to defend Malinche, who survived the chaotic retreat from the city. And when Cortes triumphantly reconquered the city from the indomitable Emperor Cuauhtà ©moc, Malinche was at his side. After the Fall of the Empire In 1521, Cortes definitively conquered Tenochtitlan and he needed Malinche more than ever to help him govern his new empire. He kept her close to him—so close, in fact, that she bore him a child, Martà ­n, in 1523. Martà ­n was eventually made legitimate by a papal decree. She accompanied Cortes on his disastrous expedition to Honduras in 1524. About this time, Cortes encouraged her to marry Juan Jaramillo, one of his captains. She would eventually bear Jaramillo a child as well. On the Honduras expedition, they passed through Malinches homeland, and she met with (and forgave) her mother and half-brother. Cortes gave her several prime plots of land in and around Mexico City to reward her for her loyal service. Death Details of her death are scarce, but she likely passed away sometime in 1550. Legacy To say that modern Mexicans have mixed feelings about Malinche is an understatement. Many of them despise her and consider her a traitor for her role in helping the Spanish invaders annihilate her own culture. Others see in Cortes and Malinche an allegory for modern Mexico: the offspring of violent Spanish domination and native collaboration. Still, others forgive her treachery, pointing out that as a slave given away freely to the invaders, she certainly didnt owe her native culture any loyalty. And others remark that by the standards of her time, Malinche enjoyed remarkable autonomy and freedom that neither native women nor Spanish women had. Sources Adams, Jerome R. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991.Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Print.Levy, Buddy. New York: Bantam, 2008.Thomas, Hugh. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Conflict Of African Tribal Descent - 1442 Words

Today Liberia is a recovering and thriving nation in Western-Africa. It was created by a movement from the United States in the 1840’s that allowed freed slaves the opportunity to move to Africa to attempt to make a life in a more accepting environment. Liberia has a very eventful history to include events such as a civil war, coups, being the first independent nation in Africa, and also elected one of the first female presidents in Africa. The topics that will be covered will be a culture outline of Liberia, a breakdown of Liberia’s diverse population, a description of their government and economy, and an overview of their military. Liberia is a country with a rich history and culture. Liberia is predominantly inhabited by people of African tribal descent, although a small number of the population, about five percent, are what the locals refer to as â€Å"Americo-Liberians† referring to their American descent. According to Horan (n.d.) the Liberian populati on is broken up into five ethnolinguistic groups: The Mel (West Atlantic) group consists of the Gola and Kissi, who are believed to be the oldest inhabitants. The Mande group, made up of Mandingo, Vai, Gbandi, Kpelle, Loma, Mende, Gio, and Mano peoples, is believed to have entered the area from the northern savannahs in the fifteenth century. The southern and eastern areas are inhabited by people who speak Kruan (Kwa) languages; the Bassa, Dei (Dey), Grebo, Kru, Belle (Kuwaa), Krahn, and Gbee areShow MoreRelatedRace, Ethnicity, Prejudice818 Words   |  4 Pagesone-sixteenth black. That is, if one of your sixteen great-great grandparents was of African descent (and the other fifteen were of white European descent), you were defined as negro. In Jamaica, people believed to be of pure African descent are described as black. People who are bi-racial are usually described as colored. 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Essay about Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie - 2032 Words

Symbolism is a type of literary device authors use to add special effect and meaning to their stories. According to The American Heritage Dictionary, symbolism is â€Å"The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships (â€Å"symbolism†).† Objects, people, actions, and words often are used to symbolize a deeper meaning throughout the text of a story. As one reads a story, they must realize that each sentence they are reading could have a double meaning; this means that further thought is often necessary, on the part of the reader, to better understand the whole effect the author was trying to portray. Tennessee Williams wrote The Glass Menagerie in a†¦show more content†¦Laura can relate to the menagerie in many aspects, but most clearly seen by the reader is how both Laura and the menagerie are viewed for their outside appearance and actions only. Laura is a tim id, bland character around unfamiliar faces; however, she is also full of mysterious talents and joys that are only visible to those whom choose to look at her in the right light. This is true also for the glass figurines. Although the figurines seem plain and dull, when looking at them through the right light, one can see a range of beautiful colors shining through. The glass menagerie relates in many ways to Laura. The similarities between the glass figurines and the girl are inevitable. The relation between the two is so important that Laura’s character introduction talks about the glass menagerie. Laura’s character description states that â€Å" [l]uara’s separation increases till she is like a piece of her own glass collection, too exquisitely fragile to move from the shelf† (Williams, 1153). This holds very true for Laura because as the story progresses she becomes weaker and weaker until finally she is so fragile, like the menagerie, that sh e no longer has strength to do anything on her own. Although the glass menagerie is the main symbol that is visible throughout the text of the story, there are many other symbols dispersed in the reading. Out of all the figurines in The Glass Menagerie, there is one particular figurine that representsShow MoreRelated Essay on the Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚   Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, describes three separate characters, their dreams, and the harsh realities they face in a modern world.   The Glass Menagerie exposes the lost dreams of a southern family and their desperate struggle to escape reality. Williams use of symbols adds depth to the play. The glass menagerie itself is a symbol Williams uses to represent the broken lives of Amanda, Laura and Tom Wingfield andRead More Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From the beginning, the figure of the narrator shows that Williams play will not follow the conventions of realistic theater. The narrator breaks the conceptual quot;fourth wallquot; of naturalistic drama by addressing the audience directly. Tom also tells us that he is going to give the audience truth disguised as illusion, making the audience conscious of the illusory quality of theater. By playing with the theme of memory and itsRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie Symbolism Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesImagination or Illusion Can Create Big Trouble The Glass Menagerie is a five-character memory play written by Tennessee Williams in 1945. The play is introduced to the audience by Tom, the narrator and protagonist, as a memory play based on his recollection of his mother Amanda, his sister Laura, and his friend Jim O’Connor as a gentleman caller. There is a fifth character in the play, Tom’s father who doesn’t appear except in the photograph frame. Among them one of the most interesting charactersRead MoreSymbolism in the Glass Menagerie Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in The Glass Menagerie Symbolism plays a fundamental part in Tennessee Williams’s play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. Examples of the use of symbolism include the fire escape, as an escape from the family, the phonograph, as an escape from reality, the unicorn, as a symbol for Lauras uniqueness and the father’s photograph, representing something different to each character. Through recognition of these symbols, a greater understanding of the play’s theme is achieved. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie Symbolism Essay800 Words   |  4 Pagesto many. His experiences in the 1930s affected his work. Williams’s homosexuality made him be seen as an outcast in American society. Tennessee Williams utilizes symbolism to express his themes throughout The Glass Menagerie. There are many events in Tennessee Williams’s early life that is similar to the details in The Glass Menagerie. Williams had a bad relationship with his father, who was clinically alcoholic (Debusscher 1). Williams’s dysfunctional family plays a role towards his homosexualityRead More Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie Essay1022 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism is an integral part of every play. The author uses symbolism in order to add more depth to the play. In Tennessee Williams’ play, The Glass Menagerie, he describes three separate characters, their dreams, and the harsh realities they face in a modern world. The Glass Menagerie exposes the lost dreams of a southern family and their desperate struggle to escape reality. Everyone in the play seeks refuge from their lives, attempting to escape into an imaginary world. Williams uses the fireRead More Essay on Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie1171 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Glass Menagerie Symbolism plays an integral part in Williams’s play, The Glass Menagerie. Examples of the use of symbolism include the fire escape, as an escape from the family, the phonograph, as an escape from reality, the unicorn, as a symbol for Lauras uniqueness and the father’s photograph, representing something different to each character. Through regonition of these symbols, a greater understanding of the play’s theme is achieved. Throughout the play, Tom WingfieldRead MoreGlass Menagerie Symbolism Essay2502 Words   |  11 PagesIn his drama, The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses symbolism in order to develop multi-faceted characters and to display the recurring themes of the play. These various symbols appear throughout the entire piece, and they are usually disguised as objects or imagery. They allow the reader to know the characters#8217; personalities, and their true inside characteristics. These symbols also add to the major themes, which develop as the play gains momentum. In the drama, symbols play theRead MoreSymbolism In The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams858 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected his work especially in The Glass Menagerie. Williams’s homosexuality made him be seen as an outcast in American society. Not to mention that homosexuality was not as widely accepted as it is today. The writing style of Williams creates a unique and great story. Tennessee Williams utilizes s ymbolism to express his themes throughout The Glass Menagerie. There are many events in Tennessee Williams’s early life that is similar to the details in The Glass Menagerie. Williams had a bad relationshipRead More The Importance of Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie  Ã‚      Tom Wingfield is the narrator and a major character in Tennessee William’s timeless play, The Glass Menagerie. Through the eyes of Tom, the viewer gets a glance into the life of his family in the pre-war depression era; his mother, a Southern belle desperately clinging to the past; his sister, a woman too fragile to function in society; and himself, a struggling, young poet working at a warehouse to pay the bills. Williams has managed

Argument Essay Actions Free Essays

Jakeira McIver Joe Sersey English 101 October 25, 2012 Argument Essay Actions speak louder than words and they often speak the truth. Parents commonly resort spankings, a form of corporal punishment, to discourage their children for misbehaving. Corporal punishments do not do anything to ensure that children will no longer misbehave. We will write a custom essay sample on Argument Essay Actions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether it be spanking, hitting, or paddling a child, the only aspect that this form of punishment reinforces in children is fear. This fear will in turn be associated with pain, rather than the difference between right and wrong. Less painful and more effective means should be taken into consideration while choosing punishments. Choosing to eliminate a child’s negative behavior through violent means does nothing to guarantee that the child has learned a lesson. Corporal punishment does not always have a positive outcome (â€Å"Corporal Punishment â€Å"). Parents should be encouraged to guide their children to gain a better understanding of what it was that caused a need for punishment. A parent’s job is to nurture their child, never to hurt them. If parents choose to spank their children, eventually, the children gradually will lose their sense of safety that they feel for their parents. They could also gain a fear for any authority figure in general. Children thrive off of nurturing and encouraging behaviors, especially those that come from their parents. Spankings destroy the natural trust bond that children share with their parents. This is because children trust their parents to be kind, loving, and understanding. The second a spanking is given the child may feel as if the parent doesn’t understand, or that the parent no longer loves them. Corporal punishments can lead to more disobedient behaviors. Spankings only bring a stop to bad behaviors for short periods of time and can lead to more aggressive behaviors from the child (Straus). Spankings can lead to domestic violence issues between a child and their parents. In many cases, corporal punishment is viewed as a form of child abuse and it is important that parents refrain from striking their children, especially when they consider themselves angry (Henderson 141). Punishing a child while angry can lead to child abuse. Spankings can also affect the relationship between the child and their peers. Children who are victims of any form of corporal punishment tend to be more violent and disobedient. They also are more likely to have problems interacting with peers and members of the opposite sex (Straus). Developmental processes are affected by corporal punishments. At such a young age a child’s brain is not completely developed. The frontal lobe, responsible for things like understanding, is still developing while children are young (â€Å"Corporal Punishment â€Å"). This means that children do not always fully grasp that what they have done is unacceptable. For example, if a child were to pull a dogs tail and the dog were to bite them, the child now knows that pulling a dogs tail is an unacceptable behavior. There was also no need for a spanking because the child now has a full understanding of the consequence. A spanking in response to this situation would only confuse the child and may cause them to the generalized idea that any contact with a dog will lead to a spanking. In other words, a spanking is not necessary for a child to learn right from wrong. Corporal punishment is not the only way to discipline a child. Parents can try a timeouts, taking away privileges, or simply eliminating the source of the negative behavior. Hitting a child should never be an option. Spankings can break bonds between parents and children, cause authority and social problems, and could also be a gateway to child abuse. Corporal punishment should be avoided all together to insure that these unfortunate circumstances do not occur. Children will feel more comfortable and safe, and parents will be relieved to know that striking a child does no justice when trying to teach a lesson. Works Cited â€Å"Datawise. †Ã‚  Corporal Punishment – High Time for Its Return in Schools and the Home. Datawise. Web. 24 Oct 2012. Henderson, Shirley. â€Å"To Spank or Not To Spank. †Ã‚  Ebony  63. 3 (2008): 140. MAS Ultra – School Edition. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. Straus, Murray A. â€Å"New Evidence For The Benefits Of Never Spanking. â€Å"Society  38. 6 (2001): 52. MAS Ultra – School Edition. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. How to cite Argument Essay Actions, Essay examples

Ethics Act Utilitarianism

Question: Discuss about theEthicsfor Act Utilitarianism. Answer: Introduction Ethical theories have been developed by philosophers to provide solutions for difficult situations that people find themselves in their daily lives. These theories enable people to differentiate between what is right and wrong (Hayhurst, 2010). Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that is concerned with the amount of suffering or happiness that results from a persons action. An ethical action according to utilitarianism is one that has maximum benefits and minimum adverse outcomes. It attempts to maximize the amount of happiness and minimize the amount of suffering involved in a given situation. Utilitarianism is divided into rule and act-Utilitarianism. Rule utilitarianism is based on fairness. It seeks to benefit most people in the fairest way possible. On the other hand, Act utilitarianism is based on acting in the way that benefits most people irrespective of the resultant feelings or societal laws. (Baumane, Cals Sumilo, 2016).The focus of this essay will be on Act Utilitarianis m. According to the proponents of Act Utilitarianism, an act becomes morally right if it benefits the greatest number of people or when it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. According to Act Utilitarianism, therefore, an action is principally guided by it as to build the maximum amount of benefit to the greatest amount of people in contrast to the actual feelings of the people involved (Melden, 2013). As identified in the response there are basically two main stakeholders, in this case, Stephen and Ralph. However, others stakeholders on whom much emphasis has not been laid are the community which includes Stephenss family. Based on the responses by the imaginary student we can draw a number of ethical theories that have been used. In the first response, the student lays more emphasis on the outcomes of the actions identified in the case as either positive or negative and the resultant feelings that Stephen will have based on the action that he will take. This response can be partly interpreted by the use of virtue ethics which is based on more an individuals character. This particular theory states that an individuals character matters then everything else. The emphasis on this theory is that individuals should act in a way that shows compassion for others and which is guided by wisdom and devoid of vices such as selfishness (Mizzoni,2010). It does not focus on an individuals action which is the area of focus for Act Utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism employs the use of Utilitarianism rules to evaluate Individuals actions directly. Based on Act utilitarianism we can focus on the maximum amount of benefit involved without regard to the feelings that are involved. In this Case the evaluation of the action on the potential maximum benefits for the greatest number of those involved i.e. Ralph on one side and the other stakeholders on the other side. While the action of retaining Ralph would not be termed as having produced the greatest benefit to the greatest amount of people, deciding not to retain him would be, because it would improve sustainability which would result in maximum benefit. The first two responses fail to conform to utilitarianism principles in that they are mostly focused on the outcome of the actions instead of the actions themselves (Jeurissen Rijst,2007). All Ethical theories are concerned with acting in a way that is morally right. Just like utilitarianism which views a morally right action as one that produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of good for the majority. Kantianism ethical theory, on the other hand, views an action as morally right if through the action a person can be said to have fulfilled their duties. It does not focus on the outcome of persons action. Kantian ethics is focused on two basic principles. The first is whether another person would act in a similar manner in a different situation and whether the action is meant to benefit other. Care ethics is more concerned with relationships before other factors. Acting in a way that is morally right requires an individuals action to be focused on building, strengthening and maintaining strong relationships with the people involved (Shafer, 2007). An ethically right action would, therefore, be one that shows care for others and which is focused on m aintaining the existing relationship. Relationships are therefore the basis for care ethics. Virtue ethics is more concerned with an individuals character .living morally, therefore, requires an individual to demonstrate certain virtues such as courage, wisdom and compassion through their character while at the same time avoiding certain vices such as selfishness. Finally, contract theory is primarily concerned with existing agreements between people. To act in a way that is morally right requires an individual to respect the existing agreements. Based on the analysis of different ethical theories there is one common factor that emerges from all of them and that is the fact that they all outline basic principles necessary for an action to be considered as ethically correct. The imaginary students actions that are morally worth can be said to be universally applicable to all theories and not only to the Act Utilitarianism which was can the basis for his discussion. This can be referr ed to this as a mere generalization which does not apply to any particular theory. In essence, as per Act Utilitarianism apart from an action being able to demonstrate moral worth, it must also be seen to be resulting to the greater good (Spinoza,2011).The imaginary students analysis does not meet this threshold needed in Act Utilitarianism because based on it any action by Stephen would have been appropriate. The final Analysis by the imaginary student is focused on Justice as the basis for defining an action that is ethically correct. This means that an action should be guided by the basic principle of achieving justice for the parties involved. This, therefore, requires that an action taken be the one that grants each party involved justice. As per the analysis of student, it would be justified to deny Ralph employment because that enabled him to accomplish his desire of working at the time that he wished to instead of the time that he was required to. While it can be said that there is some truth in that statement, the argument goes against the principles of Act Utilitarianism which requires an act to be considered morally correct if it results to the greater good of the whole. On the contrary, justice is emphasized by Kantian ethics which is based on the principle behind people actions and which states that an action is considered to be morally correct if it treats everyone with fairn ess (Copp, 2007).This, therefore, the basis for this argument for the imaginary student Conclusion Based on the above response it is evident that each ethical theory is founded on certain principles which are used to define an action as either appropriate or inappropriate. Based on the imaginary students response on Act Utilitarianism it can be argued that the response does not quite address the basic principles of Act Utilitarianism and even goes ahead to employ principles from other theories such as Kantian ethics to analyze the case. In conclusion, therefore, this response is not very appropriate for the case. Reference List Baumane-Vitolina, I., Cals, I. and Sumilo, E., (2016). Is Ethics Rational? Teleological, Deontological and Virtue Ethics Theories Reconciled in the Context of Traditional Economic Decision Making. Procedia Economics and Finance Copp, D. (2007). The Oxford handbook of ethical theory. New York: Oxford University Press. Hayhurst, C.( 2010). Animal testing: the animal rights debate. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Jeurissen, R., Rijst, M. W. (2007). Ethics in business. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum. Melden, A. (2013). Ethical Theories. Read Books Ltd. Mizzoni, J. (2010). Ethics: The basics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell. Shafer-Landau, R. (2007). Ethical theory: An anthology. Malden, Mass. [u.a.: Blackwell. Sustainable development: Relationships to culture, knowledge and ethics. (2011). Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing. Spinoza, B. . (2011). Ethics. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.